Echinacea: Health Benefits, Uses, Risks & How To Take It

If immunity is top-of-mind for you right now—you're certainly not alone. We're fans of the basic healthy lifestyle factors, like eating a nutrient-rich diet, exercising regularly, and getting high-quality sleep to help promote your overall health and immune system. But as we approach cold and flu season, is there anything you should consider to give your body a little extra support?

Echinacea, also known as the North American coneflower or purple coneflower, is an herbal plant in the same family as the daisy.

There are nine species of the flowering plant, all of which were discovered and used medicinally by Native Americans in the Great Plains region. More than 400 years ago, it was used to treat burns, aches, and some infections1.

Echinacea contains phenolic compounds, which are a type of antioxidant that helps to protect against oxidative stress damage2 and infections, functional medicine doctor Tiffany Lester, M.D., tells mbg. 

Echinacea has long been touted for its anecdotal immune-supporting benefits—although there aren't a lot of studies to confirm these claims.

While it's not fully clear how echinacea supports the immune system, registered dietitian Titilayo Ayanwola, MPH, R.D., L.D., says it may have the ability to enhance immunity by activating and stimulating immune cells4 such as macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells.

Because of the antioxidants in echinacea, it also contains anti-inflammatory benefits, especially in the face of certain bacteria. 

"Bacteria causes common symptoms of upper respiratory infections, such as sore throat, cough, and inflammation," Ayanwola explains. "Echinacea, through its anti-inflammatory properties, may reverse inflammation caused by bacteria5 and can potentially reduce the length and severity of upper respiratory infections," she adds.

When it's used moderately, echinacea is considered safe, and most people can tolerate it well. But in some cases, it can lead to unwanted side effects. 

"People who have previously had a negative reaction or allergic reaction to echinacea, or have an active chronic autoimmune condition, need to consult with their physician before taking echinacea," Shields says. In these instances, echinacea may lead to rashes or itchy skin. 

The compounds that help support immunity are found in the root, flowers, and leaves of the echinacea purpurea plant, Shields says. It can be taken in supplement capsule, tablet, or tincture form, as well as in a tea.

At the onset of a cold, Gandhi recommends taking echinacea for seven to 14 days to strengthen the immune system and help fight the infection.

Since herbs and supplements are not regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there is no standard recommended dosage for echinacea. However, Shields says a typical dose is 300 to 500 mg of dried herb in a capsule or tablet, or 2.5 to 5 mL of liquid extract. In both cases, she recommends taking it up to three times daily.