Propylene Glycol: What It Is, Benefits, Safety + What To Look For

Just because a beauty ingredient has a confusing-sounding name does not mean that you should be afraid of it. There are many natural and naturally derived ingredients with lengthy and dense monikers that are perfectly safe.

Additionally, we are firm believers in responsible synthetics around here (synthetic is not a dirty word—and in some cases, it's the more tolerable and environmentally friendly option). This is all to say that decoding an ingredient list is much more complicated than "Do I know how to pronounce this?"

One such example is propylene glycol. It used to be that the petrochemical-derived ingredient was to be avoided in the clean beauty and natural food space (it's a common food additive as well as being a skin care ingredient). However, if you are one to read ingredient lists and only shop clean skin care retailers, you've likely noticed it showing up in some products recently. 

So why is it that this ingredient that used to fall under "no lists" now shows up in so many clean products? Well, thanks to green beauty innovations it can now be created from vegetable oils. Yes, there is such a thing as a bio-based (and even organic!) propylene glycol. 

"Propylene glycol is a humectant, solubilized and stabilizer that is commonly used in cosmetics and personal care products. Historically it has been produced from petrochemicals," says clean cosmetic chemist Krupa Koestline. 

As she noted, it is typically a petrochemical-derived ingredient, which makes it environmentally irresponsible given the climate effects of using fossil fuels. Additionally, some report finding the ingredient irritating—and some have allergic reactions to it. 

However, researchers discovered that they could make the molecule out of botanicals, like vegetable oils, corn, and sugar cane. "There are two kinds of propylene glycol: alpha and beta. The beta version, also known as propanediol, is available from fermentation of cornstarch, without any petrochemicals," she says.

"Vegetable-based propylene glycol is definitely the right choice. It has all the great properties of its petroleum-derived cousin, as well as preservative-boosting capabilities that are great in any formulation."

If you search for propylene glycol, it won't take long until you come across the word "antifreeze," which, of course, sounds frightening and not something you want in your skin care. In the past, it even earned itself the nickname the "antifreeze ingredient." But this is a dubious claim and a very common misconception—one we'd like to end here.

Propylene glycol and ethylene glycol are often confused with each other but are, in fact, structurally different ingredients. Bio-based propylene glycol is safe, not considered a carcinogen or endocrine disrupter, and what you'll find in clean skin care products. Ethylene glycol is a known carcinogen, endocrine disrupter, allergen, toxin, and is what's actually in antifreeze.

Often people confuse glycols in general (for example, polyethylene glycol, or PEG, is another common "no" list ingredient). "Sometimes consumers mistakenly believe that all glycols are the same—but this is not the case," board-certified dermatologist Loretta Ciraldo, M.D., FAAD, previously told us about glycols.

Unfortunately, there is no way to tell the difference between a bio-based and traditional propylene glycol when looking at an INCI list. This is because INCI lists are highly regulated and must use the ingredient's officially recognized name.

However, if a brand makes the extra steps to use a plant-derived glycol, they'll certainly make note of it on their website. It will take an extra step, but we strongly encourage you to visit the product's page to vet their sourcing.