3 Conditions That Cause Cognitive Decline (But Aren't Dementia)

It's natural to experience some cognitive decline as we age, but not all cognitive deficits are a result of dementia. There are a variety of hormonal conditions and nutrient deficiencies that can present similar symptoms.

Vitamin B12 is critical to a number of cognitive functions, such as neurotransmitter production, DNA synthesis1, and maintaining nerve cell health. Sufficient B12 levels are also vital for regulating healthy methylation pathways2 and levels of homocysteine (a biomarker with massive health implications when elevated, including cardiovascular dysfunction and dementia).

Vitamin D is found throughout the nervous system3 and used by the body to support healthy cognitive function, working memory, and even mood. This fat-soluble vitamin helps transfer information between neurons and protect the structure and function of neurons as we age, and severe deficiency has been linked to visual memory decline4.

During menopause, many women fear they’re developing dementia when they experience symptoms of cognitive dysfunction5—such as difficulty concentrating, memory lapses, and confusion. These side effects can be attributed to changes in hormone levels, particularly a decrease in estrogen (which helps protect the brain from developing Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases). 

Thyroid disorders are also linked to cognitive impairment. Both hypothyroidism (an underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid) can cause symptoms such as forgetfulness, concentration problems, and confusion. Treatment for thyroid disorders typically involves hormone replacement therapy or medication to reduce thyroid hormone production.